SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD: 

Apply basic business concepts 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
9976  Apply basic business concepts 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Building Construction 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 12 - Physical Planning and Construction Building Construction 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 2  NQF Level 02  8 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Reregistered  2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2024-06-30   2027-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. 

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
The purpose of this Unit Standard is to enable construction Contractors to apply basic business principles to sell their services, manage payment processing and conduct business in an ethical, professional manner. The ability to deal with customers and their complaints is enhanced, to further ensure sustainability of the business. 

LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
FETC NQF Level 2 literacy and numeracy competencies. 

UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
1. Ethics include fair competition, keeping promises, not partaking in bribery and corruption, confidentiality, respect for human rights, etc.

2. The selling process includes making contact, sustaining contact and closing the sale.

3. Accounting procedures include debit, credit, net and gross. 

Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
Sell services. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
1. Business is conducted ethically. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
2. Business is conducted professionally. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
3. Customer needs are accurately identified. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
4. Up to date service information is provided to potential customers. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
5. Customer requirements are accurately documented. 

SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
Process payments. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
1. Accounting procedures are employed. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
2. Tax requirements are met. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
3. Copies of transaction records are retained and filed. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
4. Invoices and receipts are correctly issued. 

SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
Deal with customers. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
1. Customer complaints are addressed. 

ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
2. Follow up action plans are implemented. 


UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
Assessment of learner achievements takes place at providers accredited by CETA (RSA, 1998b) for the provision of programs that result in the outcomes specified for the Certificate in Construction Contracting. CETA is responsible for moderation of learner achievements of learners who meet the requirements of this unit standard. 

UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
Qualifying learners understand and can explain:

1. The importance of selling in terms of business and customer needs.
2. Customers as source of revenue.
3. The interrelationship between knowledge of the service/product and customer service.
4. Ethics and professionalism.
5. Customer care.
6. The selling process.
7. Accounting procedures.
8. Debtors and creditors.
9. Tax types.
10. Percentages.
11. Invoicing and receipting. 

UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
N/A 

UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
N/A 


Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING 
Identify and solve problems

1. Sell services.
2. Deal with customers.
  • Customer needs are accurately identified.
  • Customer requirements are accurately documented.
  • Customer complaints are addressed.
  • Follow up action plans are implemented. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING 
    Work effectively with others

    1. Sell services.
    2. Process payments.
    3. Deal with customers.
  • Business is conducted ethically.
  • Business is conducted professionally.
  • Invoices and receipts are correctly issued.
  • Customer complaints are addressed.
  • Follow up action plans are implemented. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING 
    Employ self management

    1. Sell services.
  • Business is conducted ethically.
  • Business is conducted professionally. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicate effectively

    1. Sell services.
    2. Process payments.
    3. Deal with customers.
  • Up to date service information is provided to potential customers.
  • Invoices and receipts are correctly issued.
  • Customer complaints are addressed.
  • Follow up action plans are implemented. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO SCIENCE 
    Demonstrate scientific and technological competence

    1. Process payments
  • Accounting procedures are employed.
  • Tax requirements are met.
  • Invoices and receipts are correctly issued. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Understand Contextual world-systems

    1. Sell services
    Customer requirements are accurately documented. 

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    N/A 

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    N/A 

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  20813   National Certificate: Construction Contracting  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 
    Core  49022   National Certificate: Floor Covering Installation  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 
    Elective  50584   General Education and Training Certificate: Clothing Manufacturing Processes  Level 1  NQF Level 01  Reregistered  2023-06-30  FPMSETA 
    Elective  65769   National Certificate: Glazing  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 
    Elective  96402   National Certificate: Hot Water System Installation  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Reregistered  2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  35941   National Certificate: Pulp and paper Manufacturing  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Registered"     		 2007-02-11  Was FPMSETA until Last Date for Achievement 
    Elective  65929   National Certificate: Waterproofing  Level 2  NQF Level 02  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 
    Elective  58247   National Certificate: Ceiling and Partitioning Installation  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 
    Elective  24295   National Certificate: Timber Roof Erecting  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Reregistered  2023-06-30  CETA 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. Abakholwe Community Developers (Pty) Ltd 
    2. Abasizi Contractor Development Services Pty Ltd 
    3. Academy for Construction Skills (Pty) Ltd (ACS) 
    4. Africa International Training Facilities T/A AITF (BREDELL) (TP) 
    5. AFRICAN ACAD.FOR COM.ASSIS.ENGINEERING 
    6. African Dream Campus 
    7. African Duchess Coutore solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    8. AGB Finance 
    9. AL Development Services cc 
    10. Al-fidaa Foundation 
    11. Aldabri 106 (Pty) Ltd 
    12. Amagema Development Consultants cc 
    13. Amber Tower Training 
    14. Amokoro Training (PTY) Ltd 
    15. Amos / Kgaphamadi Community Organisation 
    16. Apparel Component Manufacturers Pty Ltd 
    17. Aranda Learnership College (Pty) Ltd 
    18. Aranda Textile Mills Pty Ltd 
    19. Asemhle Trading 
    20. Asilon Trading Enterprise 
    21. Assured Vocational Skills Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    22. Avad Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    23. Aveng Grinaker -LTA Civil Engineering 
    24. Babina Tlou Trading and Projects 001 
    25. Bakgoni Empowerment Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    26. Beaches Clothing Cc 
    27. Becoz Empire Multi-Choice and Trading Primary Co-operative Limited 
    28. BELCOMEC TRAINING 
    29. Better beginning trading and projects pty ltd 
    30. Better Best Agri Development 
    31. BH Training and Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    32. Big Tree Group (Pty) Ltd 
    33. Bokamoso Competence (Pty) Ltd 
    34. Bonenhle Investments 
    35. Bosasa Youth Development Centres (Pty) Ltd 
    36. Bright Future General Trading and Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    37. Broadway Sky Trading 
    38. Buna Construction And Projects 
    39. Buyisiwe Management Services 
    40. CANDYS UNLIMITED COLLECTION Pty Ltd 
    41. Cape Town Workbased Learning Academy 
    42. Capricorn FET College - Central Office 
    43. Capricorn TVET College 
    44. Chamonix Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    45. Changing Women 
    46. Chippa Training Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    47. CLEAN HEAT ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD 
    48. Construction Resource Development Centre 
    49. Cre8tion Projects 6 PTY LTD 
    50. CRG Group (Pty) Ltd 
    51. Cutting Thru Training (Pty) Ltd 
    52. Dego Consultants 
    53. Dieketseng Training Centre 
    54. Dinaka Business Management & Consulting 
    55. Dlabane Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    56. Eastcape Training Centre 
    57. Ebotse Development and Training Centre 
    58. Eddels Shoes Pty Ltd 
    59. Egsibit Training and Development 
    60. Ehlanzeni TVET College 
    61. Ekurhuleni Artisans & Skills Training Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    62. Ekurhuleni East College For TVET 
    63. Elata Management Consultants 
    64. Elimofo Trading& Projects 
    65. Emfundisweni Skills Development & Resource Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    66. ENTELEKEY GROUP 
    67. Ergonomic Construction and Managed Disability Projects 
    68. ES Training Services (Pty) Ltd 
    69. Esethu Manufacturing, Packaging, Printing & Design (Pty) Ltd 
    70. Eshet Chayil Concepts (Pty) Ltd 
    71. Eskilz College (Pty) Ltd 
    72. Ethicae Juridico Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    73. Ezandleni-Ezethu Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    74. Faithworks Development Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    75. False Bay College 
    76. Fezile Fashion Skills Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    77. Flavious Mareka TVET College 
    78. Forthwawe Business Centre 
    79. Fundakahle Multi-Purpose Co-operative Limited 
    80. Furniture World Training Centre 
    81. Future Discovery Training Academy CC 
    82. Future Dynamics Learning 
    83. Futuretech Campus (Pty) Ltd 
    84. Gauteng City College 
    85. Gia Development Trades 
    86. Glicam Trading Enterprise 
    87. GNBR Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    88. Grandstar Projects 
    89. Green Earth Training & Development (Pty) Ltd 
    90. Green Enviro & Projects (Pty)Ltd 
    91. Greenrim Training 
    92. Gufferty Consulting 
    93. HHO Enterprise 
    94. Hoseah Training and Manufacturing NPC 
    95. Hybrid Dynamics 
    96. I Care Resource Centre 
    97. IALE School of Advance Learning and Education (Pty) Ltd 
    98. Ideal Method Trading & Projects 
    99. Ifodo Skills Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    100. Ikemeleng Training and Development Services 
    101. Ilitha Labantu 
    102. IMBAWULA CIVIL ENGINEERING ACADEMY 
    103. Imbewu Development Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    104. Impangela Trading 
    105. Impela Trading cc 
    106. In Time Industrial (Pty) Ltd 
    107. In Touch Community Development & Project Managers 
    108. INDUSTRIES EDUCATION & TRAINING INSTITUTE 
    109. Injiya Trading and Projects 
    110. INTERMASIKO CC 
    111. Intselelo Community & Development Institute NPC 
    112. Intuthuko Yesizwe Community Organisation 
    113. Inyapa Vhusiku Consulting Pty Ltd 
    114. Inyathi Visions 
    115. IQ Skills Academy (PTY) LTD. 
    116. IQHAYIYA COMMUNITY COLLEGE (Legacy) 
    117. Itemba Development Consultants 
    118. Ithala Lezemfundo (Pty) Ltd 
    119. Ithemba Lomphakathi Community Organisation 
    120. Ithuteng Learning Academy & Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    121. Ivulandlela (Pty) Ltd 
    122. Izintombizekhethelo (Pty) Ltd 
    123. Jeppe College of Commerce and Computer Studies 
    124. Jumpstart Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    125. kagisho Business Concepts (Pty) Ltd 
    126. Khosi JS Designs (Pty) Ltd 
    127. Kingdom Varsity College (Pty) Ltd 
    128. KNK Largesuccess Construction 
    129. Knoop Academy NPC 
    130. Kotton Wear (Pty) Ltd 
    131. Kudis Designs and Supply 
    132. Kusabelele Investments 
    133. KWAZULU NATAL AVUXENI COMPUTER AND TRAINING CENTRE (PTY) LTD 
    134. KWEM Management Solutions 
    135. Lembede Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    136. Letaba TVET College 
    137. LFS DESIGNS 
    138. Lilunzo Creations 
    139. Lisakhanya Skills Development Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    140. LLSM (Pty) Ltd 
    141. Longata Consultant 
    142. Lucky Neo (Pty) Ltd 
    143. Lungile Mchunu Consultancy (Pty) Ltd 
    144. Lusama Developmental Agency Projects 
    145. Lwaziphezinhle (Pty) Ltd 
    146. Maab Training Management ( Pty) Ltd 
    147. Maboko Skill Development & Projects 
    148. Macsen Construction & Projects 
    149. Majuba TVET College 
    150. Malkai Devrani Holding (PTY) Ltd 
    151. Maluti TVET College 
    152. Mamuhle Academy 
    153. Masima Training Sa Cc 
    154. Master Patterns by Rona 
    155. Matatiele Fashion Design Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    156. MATHOSIM TRIMMING AND UPHOLSTERY 
    157. Mavco Engineering (Pty) Ltd 
    158. Maxlen Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    159. Mberwana Trading Enterprise 
    160. Mbova Multi Services cc 
    161. Melenial Media (Pty) Ltd 
    162. MFISA 
    163. Mgadaveni Training Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    164. Mgomakati Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    165. MICROMATICA 384 (PTY) LTD 
    166. Microzone Trading 747 
    167. Microzone Training CC 
    168. Mkhosana Civils and Skills Development 
    169. Mlasimbi Catering Primary Co-operative Limited 
    170. MMBG Trading & Consulting 
    171. Mnambithi TVET College 
    172. MONDI GTU 
    173. Montana Skills Development Agency 
    174. Mopani South East FET College - Central Office 
    175. Morito Diphateng Projects & Services 
    176. Motheo FET College - Central Office 
    177. Mphahle Consultancy (Pty) Ltd 
    178. Mpilende Training and Technology Solutions 
    179. Mthoms Trading 
    180. Mugazi Consultancy cc 
    181. MZANTSI TRUCK & BUS (Uitenhage) 
    182. Nchuncheko Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    183. NDIMASE TRADING 
    184. Ndwamato Training Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    185. NELLY-SGUEEJE TRADING 
    186. NEMJA SECURITY AND PROJECTS CC 
    187. New Business Initiative Management Consultancy 
    188. Ngaphakathi Investments 
    189. Ngcebo Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    190. Nguni Shades SA School of Fashion 
    191. Nkqubela Community Developers 
    192. NokushoM Consultancy & Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    193. Nokuthula Dube & Associates 
    194. NOLOSHA 
    195. Nolwazi Dev Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    196. NOMAKU TRADERS CC 
    197. NOMASOJABULA TRAINING CENTRE 
    198. Nomzumbe Trading & Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    199. Northern Cape Rural TVET College 
    200. Northlink TVET College 
    201. Nosino Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    202. Nqothu Projects (PTY) LTD 
    203. NSINGWENI CONSULTING (PTY) LTD 
    204. NSJ Agricultural Farming And Multipurpose 
    205. Nteko Investments 
    206. Ntongenhle Construction Force 
    207. Ntuthuko Projects & Services 
    208. Nurtured Minds Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    209. OTP 
    210. Oyama Kulwazi Training & Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    211. P&R Development and Training (Pty) Ltd 
    212. Penny Lane Fashion School (Pty) Ltd 
    213. Pesac Professional Training (Pty) Ltd 
    214. Phala Projects cc 
    215. Phetho Concepts (Pty) Ltd 
    216. Phumazeth Training Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    217. Pinus Tech Technologies Trading and Projects 
    218. PMV Destiny Skills Training and Development (Pty) Ltd 
    219. POINT COACH WORKS T/A SUPERTECHNIK (Durban) 
    220. Positive Thinking Consultants CC 
    221. Practice Makes Perfect Training Centre 
    222. Prempie Business Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    223. Prispiri (Pty) Ltd 
    224. PROMINENT EMZANSI PROJECTS 
    225. Protech Training (Pty) Ltd 
    226. Qualfurn Training & Projects 
    227. Qualfurn Training & Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    228. Rally Business Consulting PTY LTD 
    229. Re Tshepeng Holdings 
    230. Reata Services (Pty) Ltd 
    231. RUBICON COMMUNICATIONS 
    232. Safe Heavens Properties (Pty) Ltd 
    233. Sakhisizwe Development Training 
    234. SAPPI LTD 
    235. Sarva Dharma Ashram 
    236. Schoolboy Training Centre 
    237. Seacrest Investments 156 (Pty) Ltd 
    238. SEDA Construction Incubator Trust 
    239. Sedibeng TVET College 
    240. Sefudi Business Solutions 
    241. Sejamo Construction and Training 
    242. Sekhukhune FET College - Central Office 
    243. Sesamkelokuhle Trading Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    244. Sew Africa Training Centre 
    245. SEWAFRICA Marketing (Pty) Ltd 
    246. SHEET PLASTIC MARKETING CC 
    247. Sheet Plastic Pty Ltd 
    248. Shiloh Ministries, International Faith Based Organisation 
    249. Sinethemba Visiwe PTY LTD 
    250. Sisiziwe Training Centre Co-operative 
    251. SITAMELA SIVE TRADING CC 
    252. Siyahumelela Training Academy 
    253. Skills for All (POTCHEFSTROOM) (TP) 
    254. Snyawunywu Poultry Farming (Pty) Ltd 
    255. Somvi Catering & General Services cc 
    256. Somvi General Services 
    257. Souls 4 Life Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    258. South Africa Advanced Skills Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    259. South African Advanced Skills Institute 
    260. South African Value Education (Pty) Ltd 
    261. Sphola Consulting CC 
    262. SPLS Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    263. STEP AHEAD BUSINESS TRAINING 
    264. SW Skills Wise (Pty) Ltd 
    265. T Mdlatu Trading Enterprise cc 
    266. Talent for Sewing 
    267. TBL Empowerment Hub 
    268. ThabileTrade 1054 cc 
    269. THANDEKA VOCATIONAL EDUCATION TRUST (PTY) LTD 
    270. The Brokers Learning Centre 
    271. The Diepsloot Foundation 
    272. The Finishing College (Pty) Ltd 
    273. The Institute of Fashion and Garment Technology (Pty) Ltd 
    274. The New Look 
    275. The Tailor Shop School of Tailoring and Dress Design Training Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    276. Thitha Training and Development Services 
    277. Thuto Mfundo Adult Education Centre 
    278. TIBZA Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    279. Tidlobi Developmental Activities NPC 
    280. Tirisano Ya Bakwena Consultants CC 
    281. Tiro Training & Skill Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    282. Tius Consultants 
    283. Tjeka Training Matters Pty Ltd 
    284. Tlhogi''s Consulting and Projects 
    285. Tlhole Foundation (PTY) LTD 
    286. Trade Call Investments Apparel (Pty) LTD 
    287. Trade Call Investments Apparel (Pty) Ltd (Mobeni) 
    288. True Reflections Training and Development (Pty) Ltd 
    289. True Ruby Trading 1021 cc 
    290. TRY EASY ELECTRICAL SOLUTIONS 
    291. Tshwane North College 
    292. TSK Projects 
    293. Ubucubu Home Industries 
    294. Ubuhle Bengcebo 
    295. Umbuso Training Services 
    296. Umfolozi FET College 
    297. Umfolozi TVET College (Richards Bay) 
    298. Umgungundlovu FET College - Central Office 
    299. Umlozi Skills Centre (Pty) Ltd 
    300. Umnotho We Afrika Foundation NPC 
    301. Umunotho Wealth Management Pty Ltd 
    302. UTHUNGULU HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT 
    303. Value Added Reward (Pty) Ltd 
    304. Value at Hand (Pty) Ltd 
    305. VCK Training and Technical Services Pty Ltd 
    306. VEB CELE & Associates (Pty) Ltd 
    307. Verge (Pty) Ltd 
    308. Vhembe TVET College 
    309. Vijay Bhagwan Consultancy and Solutions cc 
    310. VMMK Capital Investment (Pty) Ltd 
    311. VPK BUSINESS VENTURE C C 
    312. Vuthlari Marketing Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    313. Warona Owethu Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    314. Wattville Community Learning College 
    315. Western Cape Clothing and Textiles Service Centre 
    316. Wilratty Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    317. Womens Leadership & Empowerment Initiative 
    318. World Pace Development & Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    319. Xhamela Development Services 
    320. Yahweh Shammah Socio-Economic Development 
    321. Youth for Survival NPO 
    322. ZA GEAR 
    323. Zakhele Jwarha Trading PTY LTD 
    324. Zama Training & Developments 
    325. Zama Zama Training Centre 
    326. Zibuyile Consulting and Projects (Pty) Ltd 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.