SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Work as a project team member 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
120379  Work as a project team member 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Project Management 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 03 - Business, Commerce and Management Studies Project Management 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular-Fundamental  Level 4  NQF Level 04  8 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 		 2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2026-06-30   2029-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard replaces: 
US ID Unit Standard Title Pre-2009 NQF Level NQF Level Credits Replacement Status
10135  Work as a project team member  Level 4  NQF Level 04  8   

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
Learners accessing this standard will be working as a leader in the context of a small project / sub-project involving few resources and having a limited impact on stakeholders and the environment or working as a contributing team member on a medium to large project when not a leader. These projects may be technical projects, business projects or developmental projects and will cut across a range of economic sectors. This standard will also add value to learners who are running their own business and recognise that project management forms an integral component of any business.

The qualifying learner is capable of:
  • Demonstrating an understanding of the criteria for working as a member of a team.
  • Collaborating with other team members to improve performance.
  • Participating in building relations between team members and other stakeholders.
  • Respecting personal, ethical, religious and cultural differences to enhance interaction between team members.
  • Using a variety of strategies to deal with potential or actual conflict between team members. 
    		•

    LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
  • Learners accessing this qualification will have demonstrated competence in mathematics and communication skills at NQF level 4 or equivalent.
  • Learners accessing this qualification will have demonstrated competence in computer literacy and applicable software at NQF level 4 or equivalent.
  • ID 120372 - Explain fundamentals of project management. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
  • Project level may include but is not limited to working as a leader in the context of a small project / sub-project involving few resources and having a limited impact on stakeholders and the environment or working as a contributing team member on a medium to large project when not a leader.
  • Projects may include but are not limited to all projects including technical, developmental and business related projects.
  • Team dynamics may include but is not limited to team goals, priorities, roles, structure, formality, communication channels, flexibility, cohesion, skill levels, trust, conflict, relationships and climate.
  • Working as a contributing team member on any size project when not the leader.
  • Methods for communication may include but are not limited to written, oral, symbols, body language and signals.
  • Principles for creating productive communication may include but are not limited to listening, consulting, giving feedback, supporting, discussing, negotiating, embracing diversity and exhibiting empathy.
  • Policies and procedures may be organisation specified systems, policies and procedures or where these do not exist, accepted industry best practice.
  • Project manager leads the project management team, whereas a team leader leads a technical team and reports to the project manager. 
    		•

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Demonstrate an understanding of working as a member of a team. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    Criteria and behaviours conducive to working as a member of a team are identified and explained with practical examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Team interfaces are described and the roles explained with actual examples. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Range includes but not limited to customer/client, sponsor, project manager, project management team, project team and other stakeholders.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Disruptive behaviours to team performance are identified and explained with examples of the consequences. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Collaborate with other team members to improve performance. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The importance of consultation and joint decision-making is explained with examples of how this affects team performance. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Other team members are consulted for ideas relating to project work and joint decisions are made according to team needs. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Other team members are worked with in order to achieve project objectives. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Constructive, non-disruptive behaviours and how others are influenced positively are provided, described and explained with examples. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Constructive, non-disruptive behaviours may include showing sensitivity, grasping others perspectives, being attentive, showing interest, showing positive attitude, positive reinforcement.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Situations that are a cause of conflict in a group are identified and a plan is made to minimise their negative effect on the team and project objectives. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Participate in building relations between team members and other stakeholders. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The importance of building relations between team members and stakeholders is explained with examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Project stakeholders are identified and their needs are explained in terms of team work. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Instances of building relations between team members and stakeholders are documented and implemented according to procedures. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    The importance or honouring commitments to stakeholder is explained with practical examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    Methods and techniques for building team coherence and spirit are identified and explained with practical examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    Feedback is provided on an ongoing basis which leads to constructive and productive working relationships. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4 
    Respect personal, ethical, religious and cultural differences to enhance interaction between team members. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The differences between team members are identified and explained with examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    The importance, of showing respect to each other is explained with examples. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Behaviours that are of concern to individuals are discussed promptly and openly with those involved. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Examples are given of how own behaviour is modified and changed to support other team member's feelings and needs. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 5 
    Use a variety of strategies to deal with potential or actual conflict in a project team. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    The kinds of conflict that could arise in a project team are identified and strategies to deal with issues in a team are demonstrated in role-play situations or through discussion. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    Strategies for creating a positive working environment for a project team are explored and an indication is given of the role of the team leader/project manager in creating a positive work environment. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    Situations that hamper efficiency in a project team are identified and suggestions are made to improve these situations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    Support systems available to the project team are identified and an indication is given of the learner's own role in being supportive and using a support system. 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
  • An individual wishing to be assessed (including through RPL) against this unit standard may apply to an assessment agency, assessor or provider institution accredited by the relevant ETQA.
  • Anyone assessing a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA.
  • Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard or assessing this unit standard must be accredited as a provider with the relevant ETQA.
  • Moderation of assessment will be conducted by the relevant ETQA at its discretion. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
  • Behaviours that contribute to exercising ethnic and cultural norms, empathy and self-control.
  • The principles and methods for communicating with team members.
  • The methods and techniques of how people work in teams and groups.
  • The mechanisms for exercising tolerance, empathy and self-control.
  • Behaviours that contribute to successfully effective and high performing teams.
  • Conflict management within a team.
  • Diversity and cultural matters as related to teamwork. 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING 
    Identify and solve problems, which will have a negative effect on the coherence, spirit and image of the team. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO WORKING 
    Work effectively with others to create a cohesive team, with spirit, through applicable behaviours and by treating others with respect. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING 
    Organise and manage oneself and ones activities to maintain autonomy and at the same time to collaborate with others while exercising self-control. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING 
    Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information concerning aspects that might affect the team as a whole. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicate effectively with team members to gain their trust and support and enhance the team cohesiveness. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Demonstrate and understanding of the world as a set of related systems whereby team cohesiveness and spirit impacts on team output and image. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO CONTRIBUTING 
    In order to contribute to the full personal development of each leaner and the social and economic development of society at large, it must be the intention underlying any programme of learning to make an individual aware of the importance of being culturally and aesthetically sensitive across a range of social contexts to enhance team work. 

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    N/A 

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    This unit standard replaces unit standard 10135, "Work as a project team member", Level 4, 8 credits. 

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  50266   National Certificate: Forestry: Silviculture  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  FPMSETA 
    Core  58785   National Certificate: Production Technology  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MERSETA 
    Core  50479   Further Education and Training Certificate: Advertising  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MICTS 
    Core  61450   Further Education and Training Certificate: Film and Television Production Operations  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MICTS 
    Core  58880   Further Education and Training Certificate: Fluid Power  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MERSETA 
    Core  50080   Further Education and Training Certificate: Project Management  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SERVICES 
    Core  58800   Further Education and Training Certificate: Project Support Services  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SERVICES 
    Core  58780   Further Education and Training Certificate: Quantity Surveying  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  CETA 
    Core  50560   Further Education and Training Certificate: Small Craft Construction  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Registered"     		 2009-08-31  Was MERSETA until Last Date for Achievement 
    Core  57428   Further Education and Training Certificate: Youth Development  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Elective  67509   Further Education and Training Certificate: Community Development  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  67461   Further Education and Training Certificate: Event Support  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  67463   Further Education and Training Certificate: Human Resources Management and Practices Support  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  78965   Further Education and Training Certificate: Information Technology: Systems Development  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MICTS 
    Elective  58779   Further Education and Training Certificate: Production Technology  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  MERSETA 
    Elective  71729   Further Education and Training Certificate: Public Relations Practice  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SERVICES 
    Elective  78003   Further Education and Training Certificate: Visual Arts  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  CATHSSETA 
    Elective  59299   National Certificate: Wholesale and Retail: Buying Planning  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  W&RSETA 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. Academy at Vaal Triangle (AVT 
    2. Academy Training Group 
    3. Action for Blind and Disabled 
    4. Action4 
    5. Affirmations Training 
    6. Africa Learn (Pty) Ltd 
    7. Afrika Tikkun NCC 
    8. Amaqamu Project Management and Consulting 
    9. Amilak Training Center 
    10. Arden School of Management (Pty) Ltd 
    11. ASMO INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AN 
    12. Aspirations Communication Training CC 
    13. Atvance Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    14. B T Group of Companies Pty Ltd 
    15. Balefile Trading and Services 
    16. Basadipele Skills Development and Training 
    17. BEE Clinic Pty Ltd 
    18. Bells Technical College 
    19. Blanket Security and SHEQ Solutions 
    20. BLC Entertainment 
    21. Bokamoso Skills and Economic Development Centre 
    22. Brainwave Projects 1430 cc 
    23. Breakeven 59(PTY) Ltd 
    24. Bright Storm Projects 
    25. Business Optimization Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    26. Careers IT 
    27. CHILI PEPPER INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS 
    28. COALITION TRADING 1238 CC 
    29. College Africa Group (Pty) Ltd 
    30. Columbus Consulting Pty Ltd 
    31. Common Vision Young Specialist Trading cc 
    32. COMPUSTEPS COLLEGE (PTY) LTD 
    33. CSL Accountants 
    34. Decade Pulse (Pty) Ltd 
    35. Dee s Training PTY LTD 
    36. Dee's Training (Pty) Ltd 
    37. Delight Computer Training 
    38. Dintshang Trading 
    39. Eagle Computer Training 
    40. EAST LONDON MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE 
    41. ED-U Options Academy 
    42. Edu-Prof Training Centre 
    43. Education and Training Unit 
    44. EDUTEL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    45. Ekasi IT Solutions Centre 
    46. Ekurhuleni Artisans and Skills Training Centre Pty Ltd 
    47. Elangeni Training Institute 
    48. Elchees Software Solutions 
    49. Emalahleni Institute of Techno 
    50. Eshybrand Pty Ltd 
    51. EYETHU NATIONAL COMPUTER COLLEGE PTY LTD 
    52. Facilitation Development (PTY) LTD 
    53. FILM Mentorship & Training SA 
    54. Finweb Business Consultancy 
    55. Foster-Melliar (Pty) Ltd 
    56. Fourways Private College 
    57. Furniture World Training Centre 
    58. Futurekids SA (Fochville) 
    59. G CUBE COMMUNICATIONS CC 
    60. Gigimo Tourism Academy 
    61. Global Institute for Capacity 
    62. Gotsec Skills Training 
    63. Greater Tzaneen Community Foundation 
    64. HAVOHEJ CONSULTANCY 
    65. Hazyview Computer College 
    66. Heartbeat Centre for Community Development t/a Heartbeat 
    67. HILLCROSS BUSINESS SCHOOL (PTY 
    68. Hlanganani ICT (Pty) Ltd 
    69. Ikusasalethu Youth Development Project NPC 
    70. iLearn Corporate Services PTY LTD 
    71. Information Technology Resource Centre 
    72. Inqubeko Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    73. IT Academy 
    74. IT-HI-Q Training (PTY) Ltd 
    75. Iyam Training Services 
    76. Jeppe College of Commerce and 
    77. K Boneng Consulting Services P 
    78. K Centre Business Enterprise (PTY) LTD 
    79. KDS Centre for Skills Development and Training Pty Ltd 
    80. Keybase Training Solutions Cc 
    81. Kitso Bokamoso Training Solution 
    82. KN Training Specialist 
    83. KT Mobile Services 
    84. L and P Computer Academy Pty Ltd 
    85. Legal Environment Safety & Health Requirements cc 
    86. Leronsa Trading Enterprise 
    87. LESEDI EDUCARE ASSOCIATION 
    88. LETAGO DEVELOPMENT CONSULTING 
    89. LIMPOPO COMPUTER COLLEGE BK 
    90. LINDAMAHLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (PTY) LTD 
    91. Loago Business Consulting 
    92. Loomee Group 
    93. LYFE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES (PTY) LTD 
    94. Makhophila Training 
    95. MALITINNE PTY LTD 
    96. Masakhane Training and Consult 
    97. Mash Computer Training 
    98. MBOWA COLLEGE PTY LTD 
    99. MENTORNET (PTY) LTD 
    100. Metanoia Ratings PTY LTD 
    101. MMELA VILLAGE TECHNOLOGIES (PT 
    102. Mogapi Education Group (Pty) Ltd 
    103. Motlhamme Executive Management 
    104. Moving Ahead Development Agenc 
    105. Mpande Technologies cc 
    106. Mufuka Business and Technical 
    107. Musengavhadzimu Media 
    108. Natfin Holdings Pty Ltd 
    109. NBC Technologies 
    110. NCC - Vereeniging 
    111. Ndulita Solutions 
    112. Nero Training Consultants cc 
    113. Networx for Career Development 
    114. New Link Computer Skills 
    115. Nsovo Learning Academy 
    116. Ntandokazi Holdings Pty Ltd 
    117. Ntevho-Ketso Training and Recruitement Consultancy cc 
    118. NTI College 
    119. Ntsangalala Business Enterprise 
    120. Ntunzela Trading Enterprise 
    121. NW Avuxeni Computer Academy 
    122. Nyathela Business College 
    123. OL Afrika Media 
    124. On the Ball College Pty ltd 
    125. OPELONG BUSINESS INSTITUTE (PT 
    126. Paramixed Pty Ltd 
    127. Peo Entle HIV Wellness Management and Youth Skills Development NPO 
    128. Petra institute of Development (PTY) Ltd 
    129. Phambile Skills Training (Pty) Ltd 
    130. Pioneer Business Consulting 
    131. Pitt Institute T/A Imithombo Institute 
    132. Polokwane Technology Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    133. Posh Multimedia 
    134. Premier Agric (Pty) Ltd 
    135. Pretoria Technical College 
    136. Priha Projects Pty Ltd 
    137. Professional Development and Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    138. Progressive School of Business 
    139. Prophesy Training College (Pty) Ltd 
    140. PRX SCHOOL TEST 
    141. QUALITATIVE INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS 
    142. QUARPHIX (PTY) LTD 
    143. Ramotec Business College 
    144. Redefine Human Capital (PTY) L 
    145. Redefined Skills Training & Development (Pty) Ltd 
    146. Reflections Development Institute 
    147. Resonance Institute of Learning 
    148. Retshetse Training Project 
    149. Richfield Graduate Institute of Technology Pty Ltd 
    150. Rostec Technical FET College (Pty) Ltd 
    151. Sabile Human Resources Consult 
    152. SANDM IT TRAINING (PTY) LTD 
    153. Sebenzisanane Human Capital 
    154. SED Computer Academy 
    155. SERITI INSTITUTE 
    156. Sesk Facilitation Development (PTY) LTD 
    157. Silulo Ulutho Technologies 
    158. Sisekelo Sustainability Institute 
    159. SIYAFUNDA COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY CENTRE NPC 
    160. SOUTH AFRICAN CORPORATE TRAINING ASSOCIATION (PTY) LTD 
    161. South African Forestry Training College 
    162. Southern African Youth Movement 
    163. Spears Business and Life Couch Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    164. Spina Consultancy 
    165. SPLS Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    166. SPS Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    167. SUCCESS BUILDERS INTERNATIONAL CC 
    168. SUPREME ICT CONSULTANTS 
    169. Synergistic Covenant Network NPO 
    170. T Mabuya & Associates (Pty) Ltd 
    171. Techtisa (pty) Ltd 
    172. Tembe Service Providers 
    173. Terrawood 
    174. Terry Computer Services cc 
    175. Thabelanang t/a Thabelanang Trading Enterprise 
    176. Thalita Koume Directions (Pty) Ltd 
    177. The Finishing College (Pty) Lt 
    178. THE GMC GROUP PTY LTD 
    179. The Skills Launchpad 
    180. Think Tank T2 (Pty) Ltd 
    181. Thobologo Training and Education Group (Pty) Ltd 
    182. Thuto Adult Centre 
    183. Thuto-Botshabelo Training and Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    184. Titan Trade Technologies 
    185. Tlou Foundation College 
    186. TORQUE TECHNICAL COMPUTER TRAINING PTY LTD 
    187. TSHIROLOGO DISABILITY TRAINING SERVICES PTY TLD 
    188. TSP COLLEGE 
    189. TURFLOOP TRAINING SERVICES CC 
    190. Ubuhlanti Sances Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    191. Ukwazi Academy and Corporate S 
    192. Ulwazi Training & Development 
    193. Umbrella Training and Development 
    194. Umbusi Consulting Services 
    195. UTHINGO BRITE SERVICES 
    196. Varsity Institute of Science & Technology (Pty)Ltd 
    197. Visionary Skill Academy 
    198. VPK BUSINESS VENTURE C C 
    199. VSS College (Pty) LTD 
    200. Vukani Solutions 
    201. Vusubuntu Training and Skills Development(Pty) Ltd 
    202. Waterberg TVET College 
    203. Wellinkwise Pty Ltd 
    204. Whitestone College 
    205. Woosh Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    206. Xylo Trading 12 (Pty) Ltd 
    207. Yangantle Trading 
    208. YITRO INNOVATIONS 
    209. Yonet Training Academy 
    210. ZA WIT (PTY) LTD 
    211. Zealot Business College 
    212. Zikode Development Trust 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.